The following is a list of references regarding the impact of artificial intelligence on learning and cognition.
Rania Abdelghani et al. (2025). The Illusion of Understanding: How Middle-Schoolers Fail to Regulate Inquiry with ChatGPT in a Science Task 2025. arXiv Preprint https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.01106
Myra Cheng et al. (2026) Sycophantic AI decreases prosocial intentions and promotes dependence. Science. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aec8352
Steven Shaw and Gideon Nave. (2026) Thinking—Fast, Slow, and Artificial: How AI is Reshaping Human Reasoning and the Rise of Cognitive Surrender. The Wharton School Research Paper. https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/yk25n_v1
Matthias Stadler et al. (2024) Cognitive ease at a cost: LLMs reduce mental effort but compromise depth in student scientific inquiry. Computers in Human Behavior https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2024.108386